Carbohydrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbohydrates - Essay Example Once the body consumes carbohydrates it turns them into sugar. The processed sugar is subsequently turned into energy that is used by our body cells, tissues, and organs. The sugar that is not used by these three elements is stored either in the muscles or liver of the person. Some carbohydrates are better for the body than others. Two types of carbohydrates are simple and complex carbohydrates. The difference between these two types of carbohydrates lies in the speed of digestion. Simple carbohydrates are digested slowly by the body, while complex carbohydrates are processed quickly. In scientific terms simple carbohydrates are monosaccharide and disaccharides, while complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides. When digested carbohydrates form glucose. Once the body receives the glucose it is then transported around the body through the blood stream to be converted in the cells into energy. â€Å"The pancreas gland in your abdomen secretes the hormone insulin, which controls the uptake of glucose by your cells† (Netdoctor, 2011). The excess sugar that is not used goes to the liver, muscles, or is converted into fat. Whenever the body needs extra energy a hormone called the glucagons gets secreted by the pancreas. This procedure converts glucagons back into glucose or sugar, which is then converted once again into energy for the body. According to the British Nutrition Foundation the average female receives 47.7% of their energy from carbohydrates, while men receive 48.5% (Netdoctor, 2011). Carbohydrates are present in a lot of the food we eat. Complex and simple carbohydrates are present in different types of food consumed by humans. The most common types of food that contain carbohydrates are whole grains, vegetable, fruits, vitamins, and sugared sodas. An extended list of food items that have either simple or complex carbohydrates is illustrated in the table below: It is important for humans to control their consumption

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay Conducting their study as the transitional funding attached to the peace process in Northern Ireland is reaching its end, the authors examine the role of aid in conflict resolution particularly with regards to intangible outcomes such as identity formation. The idea behind this funding is that it reduces economic disparities between the conflicting groups and that the economic growth started by this funding will continue into the future. These funds come from the International Fund for Ireland (IFI), which addressed unemployment and poverty in Republican / Loyalist communities; the Peace I funds, which promoted social inclusion, cross-community contact, and economic development; and the Peace II funds (ended in 2006), which had similar goals to Peace I but targeted local, grassroots (nongovernmental) organizations. The authors also consider the role of external agencies as they intervene in ethnopolitical conflict and the importance of community development in the peace process. The authors are careful to note that economic aid is not a magic cure for conflict as this aid, if improperly administered, can at times heighten underlying conflicts. Indeed, in Northern Ireland, the approach has had mixed results. In designing their study, the authors took both a qualitative and quantitative approach. For the qualitative portion, the authors interviewed 98 community leaders, civil servants, and development officers from Belfast, Londonderry/Derry, and the Border region (Northern Ireland). These interviews consisted of semi-structured questions, including those attached to the Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale: â€Å"What are your best wishes and hopes for your personal future? What are your worst fears and worries about your personal future? What are your best wishes and hopes for the future of your country? What are your worst fears and worries about the future of your country? † (page 166). The quantitative data was drawn from the summer 2006 Northern Ireland Public Opining Survey. The sample consisted of 1,023 adults representative of Northern Ireland’s adult population. The study as a whole was designed to look at the respondents hopes and fears about Northern Ireland’s future. Through the inclusion of qualitative data, the authors hoped to demarginalize voices that are often not heard in the official discourses of the peace process. This study yielded numerous tantalizing findings. First, the authors found that more Nationalists than Unionists imagine a future where conflicting groups are able to perceive a sense of shared community. Second, the authors found differences based on gender: more females than males saw the opportunity for building new relationships amongst communities in the future. Third, the authors found two common fears / concerns that extend across religions, genders, and ages: the fear that violence in changing the social fabric of Northern Ireland and the belief that politicians are disingenuous and not interested in serving the needs of their constituency. Fourth, the authors found that more Nationalists than Unionists saw the modernization of the economy and the political structure as means by which to support the peace process. Finally, the authors found that younger adults were more concerned about the potential failure of the peace process and the economy than older adults The authors consider numerous theories about identity formation. In designing their study, they took into consideration geographic differences in identity formation: i. e. Londonderry/Derry vs. Belfast and urban vs. rural locations. They also consider how the Irish view immigration and the infiltration of outside values. In general, this article is not convincing. Its primary strength is the detailed background to the conflicts in Northern Ireland, with a focus on the economic causes and effects of this conflict. This strength does not mitigate the effects of the article’s numerous weaknesses. First, the authors do not explicitly state their hypothesis. While exploratory studies such as this one can potentially reveal valuable information, the authors nowhere state the reasons behind the study. When questions such as identity formation are being explored, the readers need to know the authors’ relationship to the issue. For example, are the authors somehow involved in this ethnopolitical conflict? Or, are they looking at it from the perspective of an outsider? If they are outsiders, does their perspective have a bearing on how the respondents answer their questions? Second, the authors explicitly state that they wish to demarginalize those voices that are not typically heard in the official peace process discourse. However, in selecting the respondents for the qualitative portion of the study, the authors chose community leaders, civil servants, and development officers. It would seem that these are precisely the voices that are heard in the official discourse. Readers are left to wonder why the authors did not include a more representative sample of the population of Northern Ireland for this portion of the study. Third, this does not seem to be a study that was designed specifically to answer certain questions. As noted, the authors nowhere state a hypothesis. For the reader, it appears that the quantitative and qualitative data seems to have been mixed together ad hoc. In other words, the study does not seem to be designed to fit a specific question. Rather, the authors appear to have attempted to answer questions based on the information they had at hand. Fourth, as the basis for this study was largely to examine economic role of the peace process, it seems like a gross oversight that the authors did not provide data on their respondents’ demographics. In the discussion section, the authors indicate that they collected background demographic information (political party, religious views, age, gender, socioeconomic status) on the respondents, but this information was not included in the results section and does not appear to have been considered in any significant way. Finally, the analysis of the qualitative data seems a bit lacking. It would perhaps have been stronger to indentify the common themes and subthemes of the responses, rather than using the responses as illustrative examples. Because of these specific weakness as well as the authors’ failure to mention the limitations of their study and to provide specific recommendations for how their results can be used to generate future studies and/or to impact the peace process, this article is not convincing.

Strategy and Creativity of Halo Coffee London

Strategy and Creativity of Halo Coffee London STUDENT NAME: PHAMGIA HUY TRAN 1.1 Threat of Substitutes: High Current: Although coffee market is a growing rapidly, tea continues to be the leader of the hot beverage products. There are other beverages which are used, enjoyed and supported by many people instead of coffee such as: fruit juices, water, soda, energy drinks etc. Consumers do not have to pay any cost when they switch from coffee to substitutes, which may increase the threat. Future: Since coffee and coffee bean are the only products of Halo, their target customer market is really limited. Nowadays people have more choices of their beverage, especially the hot one like tea or milk, which are much healthier than coffee. In the research of the share of hot beverages consumed most often by individuals in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2015, evidence has showed that 44 percent drink tea most often, followed by 21 percent who drink instant coffee (Statista, 2015). 1.2 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry: High    Current: The industry has a monopolistic competition and Nestlà © Group is dominating the largest market share especially by their two brands Nespresso and Nescafà ©. Other competitors also have a remarkable markets share. Consumers do not have to pay any cost for switching to other brands, which creates high rate in rivalry. Because the industry is mature with low growth rate, there is the predictable retaliation from well companies against each others for brand equity, resources, important locations and price competition due to all of them looking for increasing their market share from established firms. Future: Since B2B is the maily target market of Halo, their market is too narrow and it is possible to lost their market share easily to others brands which are more popular. Nespresso and Nescafà © have been widening the market share to B2B market. According to Nestlà © Nespresso S.A (2016),   Nespresso has formed partnerships with prestigious culinary organizations and chefs around the world to interact and share viewpoints with key players in the industry such as: Served by over 780 star-rated chefs or equivalent, served by 15 major airlines including: Cathay Pacific Airways, Qatar Airways and Emirates Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, Etihad Airways. Halo is now facing the threat of losing their business partners to bigger brands like Nespresso. 1.3 Difficulty in supplying Current: Purchasing coffee is not a straight forward process and often purchasing direct from a grower can create problems further down the supply chain. This can be a serious problem because Halo cannot have a stable coffee resource with high requirements from the local famers and growers. Future: Climate change- Less suitable land for coffee: Droughts in a long period of time, increased temperatures and heavy rains are the main factors that make harvest seasons suddenly change without any reason and therefore not able to be predicted. It is estimated that the areas suitable for coffee cultivation will decrease substantially by 2020 (CBI, 2016). The underlying drastic changes in the suitability of land for coffee production are having adverse effects (Coffee Barometer, 2014). This will effect highly and directly to the resources of Halo from their suppliers. 2.1 Assumptions and assumption reversal Assumptions about Halo: Halo sells only coffee and coffee beans Halo has 2 ranges of products available only online: Halo Signature and Halo Speciality and target customers: B2B, home-coffee drinkers. Halos suppliers are from South America Reverse each assumptions: Halo has other products Halo coffee products are various and sold in coffee shops or retailers, customers are diversified Halo supplies itself How to accomplish those reversals: Halo has other products According to the identified issues mentioned above, people now have a huge number of choices for their beverage. It is considerable for Halo to produce and develop other kind of drinks than coffee such as soft drinks or energy drinks, especially tea due to the taste of consumers. Nespresso and Nescafà © are just two of different brands from Nestle beside others drink brands like Milo, Nestea and Nesquik. With this strategy, Halo can get benefits from the non-coffee drinkers, which is a very wide and profitable market. However, this is also a mature market with big brands dominating like Pepsi, Coca-cola, Monster, Red bull. If Halo decides to be a new entrant into a new market with different products than coffee, Halo need to start over again from the market research as well as marketing research. This is not recommendable for Halo to spend their resource into a mature market like soft drinks because Halo is still facing difficulties in remaining and increasing their own coffee marke t share. Halo coffee products are various and sold in coffee shops or retailers Currently, Halo has served only their coffee with 2 ranges of products available only online: Halo Signature and Halo Speciality. This may creates a limit of choice for customers who want to enjoy a new taste or their personal one. Instead of providing only 2 ranges of products which are Halo Signature and Halo Speciality, Halo should create more different tastes of coffee, or especially let the customers choose and mix the ingredients to create their own personal taste. This special service will make Halo unique and will satisfy a number of customers who do not like the 2 old ranges of products in the past. To make this service possible, Halo should open their coffee shops chains or retailers because this will make Halo more accessible to everybody than the online business way. Customers will find it more convenient and interested to create and have a cup of coffee with their personal taste rather than the old online way. About the old online way, Halo should develop their website t o make it more attractive and home-coffee drinkers can also choose and mix the ingredients to create and order coffee as well. This option is highly suggested because it not only solves the limit of target customers, but also makes Halo become famous for the special service. To follow this way, Halo needs to carry out more research and test to produce new coffee products or new ingredients so that customers will have a variety of choices. Halo supplies itself Although the bargaining power of the suppliers has been limited, Halo cannot control the negative effect from climate changes on the crops as well as the resource. It is predictable that the areas suitable for coffee cultivation will decrease substantially by 2020 (CBI, 2016). In order to have a stable resources, Halo can supply itself by creating an area in the UK that have a same condition to South America to grow coffee beans. By modern technology, it is possible to build a technical farm with modern equipments can make the same weather conditions and import the soil from South America. In addition, Halo can apply some technique skills in growing coffee beans to make sure that they can harvest coffee beans all around the years. This option prevents Halo from the risks of supplies from South America, which is too far and cannot be control well, provides a stable resource for Halo to sell 12 months a year. However, it will cost a lot of money to set up a modern farm like this and it will usually take 4-5 years for a coffee tree to start producing coffee which is a long time. This option is not recommendable because it costs a lot of time and money and it is not suitable for a small company like Halo for now. 2.2 SCAMPER Substitute o To compete with other beverage brands, Halo can develop more different types of products like tea, soft drinks, mineral water, which are all substitutes. However, these products are in mature markets so it will be hard for a new entrant like Halo to have market share. Halo can choose and take coffee beans from suppliers in closer areas instead of South America to reduce the shipping cost, but the quality of coffee beans may be reduced as well because the soil and the weather in closer areas are not the best to grow coffee. It is possible to build a modern farm in the UK with the same climate and soil condition to South America to grow, harvest and supply for itself, but it will cost Halo a huge number of money and time to carry out this plan. Combine o Halo should run the business both online and offline as the same time. Opening coffee shops chains to introduce product directly will help Halo become more recognizable and increase image of the company. Doing just-in-time system service, especially online to reduce flow times within production system as well as response times from suppliers and to customers. Making more ranges of coffee to give more choices to the customers, or providing them a special service that let customers create their personal coffee taste. This can increase Halos brand and the company will be more popular to everyone. It will take time and money to carry out researches for new coffee or ingredients. Adapt o To reduce the threats from substitutes and rivalry, Halo needs to diversify their coffee products to attract more customers and key partnerships. This will help Halo to gain market share and compete with other competitors. When this trend nowadays is taking care of the environment, Halo should take advantage of their biodegradable capsules, which is one of their strength to increase the companys image. Modify o Halo should widen the ranges of coffee products to be more accessible because customer will have more choices than the 2 old ranges. Halo should increase the use of the biodegradable capsules to gain good impression from the society. Put to another use o Halo can benefit from the used coffee beans by selling the coffee grounds to some organizations that take care about beauty to produce cosmetic or sell coffee grounds to farmers because it is good for the soil. This can save a lot of money for Halo as well as recycle the coffee grounds to protect the environment. Eliminate o Halo is lack of target customers as well as diversification of product ranges, so they need to improve more things, not eliminate. Reverse o Currently, Halo has 2 ranges of products available only online: Halo Signature and Halo Speciality and target customers: B2B, home-coffee drinkers. This may creates a limit of choice for customers who want to enjoy a new taste or their personal one. Instead of providing only 2 ranges of products which are Halo Signature and Halo Speciality, Halo should create more different tastes of coffee, or especially let the customers choose and mix the ingredients to create their own personal taste. This special service will make Halo unique and will satisfy a number of customers who do not like the 2 old ranges of products in the past. To make this service possible, Halo should open their coffee shops chains or retailers because this will make Halo more accessible to everybody than the online business way. Customers will find it more convenient and interested to create and have a cup of coffee with their personal taste rather than the old online way. In conclusion, the most realistic and effective strategy for Halo to solve their issues and get more market share is to provide more choices of coffee products and provide coffee shops and retailers with special service. What is the company selling? Coffee and coffee bean What is the benefit of using it? Coffee with your personal taste Who is the target customer for this product or service? People who want to have a best cup of coffee with their own favorite taste REFERENCE Statista. (2015) Hot beverage consumption by type in the United Kingdom (UK) 2015 https://www.statista.com/statistics/466550/hot-beverage-consumption-by-type-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ Nestlà © Nespresso S.A., Corporate Communications. (May 2016) Nespresso business to business https://www.nestle-nespresso.com/asset-library/documents/nespresso%20-%20b2b%20backgrounder.pdf Nestle. (2016) http://www.nestle.com/brands/drinks Equal exchange. (2016) From bean to cup http://equalexchange.coop/products/coffee/steps CBI- Ministry Of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Which trends offer opportunities on the European coffee market? Retrieved from: https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/coffee/trends/ CBI- Ministry Of Foreign Affairs. (2016). How to do business with European coffee buyers Retrieved from: https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/coffee/doing-business/

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas Essay -- Adolf Hitler Hi

Mein Kampf And The Formation Of Hitlers Ideas The dominant political figure of German history in the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler, was born in a lower middle class family in the provincial Austrian town of Braunau am Inn on 20 April 1889. In 1907 Hitler applied to enter the Vienna Academy of Art but his application was rejected. After the death of his mother Klara, Hitler decided to move to Vienna. He drifted from job to job, often selling sketches or painting scenes of Old Vienna and it was a period that he himself later called the most miserable period of his life. Many of Hitler’s views of the world were shaped by his experiences on the streets of Vienna and it is probable that his violent anti-Semitism dates from this time. In 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for his part in the Munich Putsch. During this time in prison Hitler began work on his book entitled Mein Kamph (My Struggle). The book outlines some of Hitler’s political ideas and his views on race and Germany’s future role in world affairs. Hitler had a racist view of world history and the dominant theme running through Mein Kamph was his concept of race. In Hitler’s view, civilization and nations decline when the fail to maintain the purity of the race. â€Å"Mixing blood and lowering of racial quality† according to Hitler is the â€Å"sole cause for the decline of all culture, for humans do not perish from lost wars but from the loss of that power of resistance that is characteristic only of pure blood†*. The fundamental duty of the government in Hitler’s mind was to preserve the racial purity of state for only this way can the superior race maintains it dominance over inferior races. To Hitler, the Aryan (an earlier Indo-European race from which the Germans were descended) was the master race and the other races were inferior. To Hitler the Jew represented the absolute contrast to the Aryan. The Aryans were the creators of culture and civilization, where else the Jew was the destroyer for they had no nation or culture of their own. They were â€Å"a parasite in the body of other nations†* contaminating the purity of the blood, exploiting and corrupting the nation. Hitler saw a Jewish world conspiracy and held absolute conviction that the Jews were responsible for all the evils that had befallen Germany – defeat of in war, revolution, economic collapse and Marxism. But abo... ...ak, that superior races prevail over inferior races. This concept with its theme of struggle and survival of the fittest appealed to Hitler. â€Å"Struggle† wrote Hitler â€Å"is the father of all things†¦He who wants to live must fight and who does not want to fight in this world where external struggle is the law of life has no right to exist†*. In Mein Kamph Hitler offered some insight into his thinking on exercise of power and in particular the important role of propaganda, his contempt of parliamentary democracy and the Weimar Republic. Hitler also wrote of the need for a national revival and the quest for living space. Hitler linked his hatred of communism with his hatred of Jews. In Hitler’s mind Russia was the centre of a Jewish conspiracy, a concept reinforced in Hitler’s thinking by the fact that many of the leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were Jewish. Mein Kamph is an important book because it reveals a great deal about Hitler’s mind, outlook and the ideas that became the basis of National Socialism. What he wrote as his philosophy in 1924 he began to implement as policy when he became supreme ruler of Germany after 1934. * Quoted from Mein Kamph, Adolf Hitler, 1924

Origins of the Modern world

Robert B. Marks', The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative is a useful tool for exploring the new concepts in the History of the World and make the scholars visualize the global world from the new perspective.   Mark gives an amiable account of the Industrial revolution and its direct effects on the trade networks and International trade between 1400 to 1850, along with that he connects each element between nations involved in world trade. Marks end his history book with the events of 2001.From the beginning only Marks makes the readers understand the elements of a non-Eurocentric study and â€Å"polycentric† world –view on the major trends in the world trade. Robert B. Marks who was popular as an environmental historian of China, enlightens the historians and students of history on the development that took place between 1400 and 1900 in the modern world's and about the important traits.   In 1400, the world especially the most advanced so cieties across the Eurasian continent was predominated by two basic economic structures: the one is the â€Å"biological old regime,† i.e. the agriculture was dependent on the organic sources of energy with the sun's yearly supply, and other are the trading networks.The most advanced societies of the Eurasian continent including China and England were running their economy on the similar ecological constraints of the biological old regime.   He said that,   â€Å"During those 1100 years [650 – 1750], the Indian Ocean was arguably the single most important crossroads of trade and generator of merchant wealth in the world†. 1     In the period of just 200 years where on one hand Asians dominate the trade regime, and now these are the Western countries and Japan who are leaders in the game of economics.FOOTNOTES1.     Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 49  Ã‚  When The Europe introduced t he Armed Trade, it had incredible impact on the Asian traders also   who endeavored to purchase their own cannons and guns. In fact Acheh built his own navy to block the Portuguese trade and capture their ships and arms. In 1500, Acheh imported several large and well-made guns from Ottomon Empire, not only to defend themselves from the Portuguese but also to post threaten Malacca. â€Å" Portuguese armed trading may have altered much in the Indian Ocean, but dar-al-Islam continued to limit what Europeans could and could not do in the world.†It was in 1500 that the first time concept of Globalization became materialized when,   â€Å"Two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time.† Then by 1700, England had a government that, in the words of one British historian, ‘was prepared to subordinate all foreign policy to economic ends.†3.In the year 1775, Asia was the maximum producer of goods in the world, â€Å"Asia produced about 80% of everything in the world, probably an increase from 1500. In other words, though Asians constituted two-thirds of the world’s population yet they produced four-fifths of the world’s goods and Europeans, constituted one-fifth of the world’s population, produced   one-fifth of the world’s goods and too share with Africans and Americans.   Asia thus had the most productive economies, which lasted three centuries after 1500.China, India, and other eastern areas had developed large empires at the center of the world, and along with the new economic system, competition and constant warfare had led to the establishment of several small European nation-states.FOOT NOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   PP. 632. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, pp. 67.3. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological N arrative,   pp. 88.4. Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 81The discovery of Silver helped Hapsburg to consolidate their empire in 1500 and to initiate the trade of the Europe with China. Between the years 1500 to 1800, around three-quarters of the silver from the New World wound up in China, which was known as â€Å"the  Ã‚   engine of the world's economy†.Industrial development because of the conjunction of European nations with development, mercantilist policies, and coal were responsible for the building of empires around 1800.   India around 1700 boasted of being the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world.   It supplied textiles not only to England but also all over the world. Moreover the Southeast Asia, East and West Africa, the Middle East, and Europe too were the major export markets. â€Å"No wonder that the demand for Indian cotton in the eighteenth century was ‘greater than all the weavers in the country can manufacture’ and that India accounted for fully one quarter of the world manufacturing output in 1750,† 1 but the steam powered gun boats, guns and other weapons and production of cotton with the machines overpowered the economy of India and China and turned India into an importer of cotton goods.   â€Å"By 1900, India accounts for barely 2% of world manufacturing output, China about 7%, while Europe alone claims 60% and the United States 20%.† 2 and â€Å"It was as if the British had subjugated the Indian peninsula simply in order to use its resources against China.† 3     .The rapid Industrialization saw the diminishing use of the renewable (solar) sources of energy towards the mass reproduction of raw materials, which were solely dependent on the non- renewable sources of energy. The prior role that the economies played in the trades also radically lead to destruction and change in the environments. Robert B. Marks describes the world as the Industrially developed,  FOOTNOTES1 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 96-972 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 1233 Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative,   pp. 117the nation states, characterized by interstate warfare, regional disparities relating to their economic position and the world which has escaped from the biological old regime.†He explained these changes taking into consideration the discovery of the New World and the comparability of the most advanced regions of China, India, and Europe. He also explained the reasons behind England’s success in able to escape from common ecological constraints facing these regions in century; and he cited the main reason behind the change in the today’s world due to the conjuncture of human and natural force s which became a most contributing factor in filling the gap between the industrialized and non-industrialized parts of the world.Though the book has established link between ancient world and us fruitfully but book did not focus on the roles played by African and American peoples in creating the modern world. It also did not present any information about the changes of intercontinental and international trade among African nations during this entire period. It is also not appropriately true that the people of the Americas before the Columbia engaged in very little manufacturing or international trade. Marks emphasized that the Americas after European conquest were the important raw material suppliers to the Asian and European manufacturing growth nations while engaging the biological ancient regime, but they lacked much evidential proof.  According to Mark this modern world emerges from the tension that was created between two forces, which came into being after 1400. These two f orces were the nation states and global capitalism.Marks also depend on three concepts to present history. First is contingency, shaped by contingent factors like discovery of America by Columbus's, which lead to the large quantity of silver available to Europe. Secondly, his dynamic narrative like the examples of climate and the location of certain grades of coal and thirdly is the conjuncture and with the continuous flow of historical process, creating situations that favor one outcome over another, he makes his position persuasive.WORKS CITED1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marks B. Robert (2002) The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecological Narrative Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ringrose David (December 2004) Book Review Journal of World History Vol. 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. 4 Retrieved May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/15.4/br_1.html3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schleisgner-Watrous Mary (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, World History Connected Retrieved  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   May 18, 2007 from W.W.W:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.1/br_schlesinger.html4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Todd N. Edmund (2004) Book Review: The Origins of the Modern World: A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global and Ecological Narrative, History Cooperative Vol. 9 No. 3 Retrieved May  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18, 2007 from W.W.W: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.3/br_1.html

General Phonetics Essay Example

General Phonetics Essay Example General Phonetics Paper General Phonetics Paper Introduction 1Phonetics as branch of linguistics . The word phonetics is derived from the Greek word phone such means sound and is used in two different meanings: a. to some authors usually non phoneticians phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with special sounds. b. To phoneticians however phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of language. On the one hand phonetics is quite independent and develops according to its own laws. Today the sphere of phonetics is wilder and deeper than ever before phonemes and their distribution in words their nutrial adaptation sprees syllable intonation the relation between oral and written speech and number of other problems have now become objects of phonetics investigation, on the other hand phonetics is closely connected with a number of other sciences such as physics †¦or rather acoustics, biology, physiology and others. Phonetics is an essential part of language a definite form. The vocabulary and grammar of a language can function only when the language has phonetic form. 2 Branches of phonetics. Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics that has in its turn developed branches of its own. The most important of these are special phonetics and general phonetics. Special phonetics may be subdivided into describing phonetics and is historical phonetics. Special phonetics is concerned with subsection 1 with the study of the phonetic structure of one language only in its static form at particular period synchronically which is describtic phonetics which is describtic phonetics. Subsection with the study of phonetic structure of a language in its historical developments the diachronically which is historical phonetics. : General phonetics is based on the extensive material which the special phonetics of a great number of languages provides. It is also based on other sciences such as physics, psychology etc. as a result of the fact that it diverses its factual material from special phonetics, general phonetics has been able to make a number of general conclusions concerting the complex nature of speech sounds it has been able to analyze speech sound from different points of view and to formulate a number of important theories the phoneme theory, the theory of syllable formation stress ,intonation etc. On the one hand general phonetics is based on the date of special phonetics. On the other hand general phonetics provides valuable theoretical material which enables to understand clearly and to interprete correctly the different phonetic phenomena of concrete languages. Experimental phonetics and comparative phonetics are frequently considered to be branches as methods of investigation. 3Methods of investigation. Methods of investigations used in phonetics vary but there are 3 principle methods. The direct observation methods, the linguistic method,the experimental method . a. The direct observation method comprises three important modes of analyses . By ear,by sight and by muscular sensation. Investigation by means of these methods can be effective only if the persons it has been specially trained to observe the minutest movements of their own and other people’s speech organs and to distinguish the slightest variations in sound quality. b. The aim of the linguistic method of investigation of any concrete phonetic phenomena such as sound, stress, intonation or any other feature is to determine in what way all of these phonetic features are used in a language to convey a certain meaning. c. The experimental method is based as a rule upon the use of special apparatus or instruments such as the disk player ,the spectrograph etc. So by means of the 3 methods mentioned above we are able to detect the different features and aspects of speech sounds. 4. 3 Speech sounds Speech sounds are of a complex nature and have 3 different aspects – acoustic, Biological and linguistic a . Sounds can be analyze from the acoustic point of view. Been an acoustic phenomena they share their properties with other acoustic phenomena. This like any other sounds speech sounds are communicated to the air in the form of a sound wave. Speech sounds of pitch ,intensity,tember likewise musical tones and noises may be distinguished among them. b. Speech sounds may also be considered from the biological point of view as phenomena resulting from the activities of the speech organs. . It is clear from the above that speech sounds are acoustic as well as biological phenomena. However it is their third aspect the linguistic aspect that made them the subject of linguistic investigation. One or another acoustic or biological characteristic of speech sounds can arouse the interest of linguists in proportion to its linguistic significant in other words it is not enough to be ab le to detect by means of experiment and observation the minutest sound features. One should be able to determine in what way speech sounds can function as significant sound limits or phonemes. 5. The phoneme theory. a. The phoneme is a set of phonetically similar ,but slightly different sounds in of language that are heard as the same sound the native speaker and are representative in phonetic transcription by the same symbol as in English the phonetically differentiated sounds represented by `p` in pin,spin and tip . So there are variants of `p` which have different phonetic values in different contexts. Few Englishmen are †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f these differences although they will never make a mistake in applying them and will immediately feel something wrong with the pronunciation of anyone who does not apply them correctly or to put it another way native speakers do not preserve as distings sounds all variants of the phoneme `p` in pin,spin and tip these variants of the phoneme are called allophones. 6. Pronunciation standard of British English Towards the ends of the epoch of Feudalism due to varies causes political, cultural, commercial , economic , one of the local dialects existing at that time took precedence over all the others. That outstanding dialect became the foundation of the national language of the state. The national language of England developed on the bases of the London dialect, because London expanded rapidly into an important centre of commerce, industry and learning as early as 14th century. This process was accelerated by the spread of learning and literature. The pronunciation of literally English is termed Received Pronunciation. Since all speakers of British English considered this type of pronunciation to be correct and good Received Pronunciation has been accepted everywhere as standard for the teaching of English foreigners. The American Pronunciation standard should not be chosen for teaching purposes for a number of very varied reasons . The APS is not quite so definite as the British norm. The APS is comparatively new and has no long tradition to back it. Besides it is less uniform than British RP and some phonetic phenomena have not yet become stabilized, because of the lack of uniformity of the American population. Speech organs : nazel ,lips,teeth,vocal cords ,tongue Tip,roth,blade,frout,centre,back Pharynx Uvula Soft palate Hard palate Alveolar ridge Consonants 1 Fricative They are sounds that involve a near clogged with