Medias Destructive Influence on Women Essay - 1215 Words

Everywhere you turn society is being presented with images of perfection, beauty, or sexuality. Some of these images represent unrealistic or unreachable expectations and can be truly harmful. It is common to see women exploited in reality TV shows and music videos. Young women are also influenced by the images that they see in commercials, billboards, internet sites, and movies. These images serve to harm a woman’s self confidence and also are affecting their overall health. Today’s mass media messages are having a negative effect on how women perceive themselves. I would like to propose a project which involves analyzing several women, of many different age groups, across their lifespan while testing how much the media affects their†¦show more content†¦The third and last theory is called Bandura’s social cognitive theory. This theory assumes that people model and learn from the behaviors of attractive individuals. Women want to emulate the body imag es of the thin attractive models through dieting. Eventually, negative effects result from this such as anorexia and bulimia. After the theories were described, the article states that thirty four studies were conducted. Thirteen out of the thirty four studies were surveys and twenty one of the studies were experiments. The media was measured and recorded for all studies with the categories ranging from magazines and photos, to movies and television shows. Ten studies were measured by exposure from fitness and fashion magazines. Seventeen studies were examined using a photo measure. Typically, the photo measure consisted of advertisements with thin woman. Three studies used a general mass media measure, which measured general media use. One study included a movie measure and another included a computer measure. The analysis implies that there is a relationship between body image and media, but the relationship is minute. The article says that one reason why some woman may not compa re themselves to the thin woman in the images is because they are constantly exposed. Finally, the article concludes by stating that a manipulation of exposure length, outcome measures, andShow MoreRelatedA Culture Of Perfection : Media s Influence On Adolescents1362 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of Perfection: Media’s Influence on Adolescents Comparison. It is one of the most dangerous and detrimental habits within our society. We fall into a routine of â€Å"self-checking† ourselves against others; mentally taking notes of what we can improve and what we are doing better. We all know that comparison often takes its’ toll on our confidence and self-worth; what we may not realize, however, is how early these destructive habits begin and why. The media’s influence is everywhere and its’Read MoreTeenage Girls and Body Image Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesteenagers get a lot of influence from the media’s message. The problem with this is the media has a specific way of doing things and can be negative to a susceptible teenage girl. Media’s way of portraying a woman can be skewed and unrealistic way from what reality is. Teenage girls then have a desire for this look or way. In this essay the three ways I will describe as to why the media can negatively affect a teenage girls body im age is by showing unrealistic bodies and women, women whose bodies are desirableRead MoreBeauty Is Good Essay522 Words   |  3 Pagesbeautiful has been difficult to achieve it has been shaped by social contexts. From in early age people have been surrounded by images and advertisement that reinforced that thin is beautiful and in order to be happy and successful one must be thin. Women are consistently given the message they are not pretty enough or thin enough. It is nearly impossible to open a magazine, shop at the mall or turn on the TV without being confronted with the message that to be fat is to be undesirable and unattractiveRead MoreNegative Body Image Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesbulimia. The media = has a strong impact on body image, and research has shown that the media’s standard of beauty has a detrimental effect on people’s body satisfaction. Positive Body Image: People with positive body image: accept the way they look and generally do not pay attention to how their bodies may be viewed by other people. They feel good about their general appearance and reject any external influence that may try to make them feel bad about how they look. generally related to the feelingsRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Society s View On Gender Roles1756 Words   |  8 Pagestechniques vary from objectifying women to sell hamburgers, to using egotistical images to promote men’s deodorant. These marketing methods of advertisements create a representation of society’s view on â€Å"gender roles†. Gender roles can be defined as â€Å"appropriate† and â€Å"inappropriate† behavior for males and females. The media reinforces stereotypical roles by the way the media portrays men and women. The destructive impact of advertisement affects everyone, specifically women and their deteriorating confidenceRead More The Portrayal of Body Image in the Media Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesSocieties standards for body shape and the importance of beauty is promoted by various media. The media links beauty to symbols of happiness, love and success for women. Media portrays these images as achievable and real. Un til women accept their body image, they will continue to measure themselves against societies â€Å"perfect image.† Media representations of body image contribute to social trends of unhealthy lifestyles. Female children learn to worry about their appearance from an early age. HugeRead MoreEssay on The Medias Pressure on Women to Maintain a Slender Figure1552 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme amount of pressure on women to maintain a slender figure. Through childhood to adulthood, women are bombarded with images of stick skinny women, and this is the way almost every woman wants to look. Although there are other factors, the media is the primary source of the obsession with being thin. Why has this become such a popular trend? This is what society says is acceptable. It has been proven that these images of perfect women do affect the normal women who wish to look like thatRead MoreShould We Undergo Plastic Surgery?1489 Words   |  6 PagesSome young women have even taken more drastic measures by turning to plastic surgery to alter their appearance. However, unlike makeup, plastic surgery is definitely something that can be taken too far since it is permanent. Women should not have to feel the need to undergo plastic surgery at all: unless it is for reconstructive purposes. Sadly, last year alone, facial plastic surgeons recorded 64% of their patients under the age of 30 had undergone cosmetic surgery or injectable treatments (MatthewsRead MoreMedias Influence of Society Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageshome you either turn on your television or play with your video games. Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, MSN, Hotmail, Gmail are just some of the social networking sites we use today. What is media? The media is the means of communication that reach or influence people. The media can help us get the news out for example the earthquake in Haiti we wouldn’t know about it without the media. The media helps us get the news out, entertain us throughout our lives and even helps us when we communicate. The mediaRead MoreThe Effect of the Media in Our Body Image Perspectives Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pageslove story that was very simple (the dad won’t let the girl choose the one she loves) and many other similar stories. But if you observe the actresses’ bodies you will notice that they are far from perfect according to our recent standards. Young women and men are so negatively affected by the unrealistic body images presented consequences have resulted However, the standards should not be focused on just this one aspect of a person; a more diverse consideration of the total person is needed.

Social Values And Sexual Morality Questionnaire - 1030 Words

Method The research design used in the study was a descriptive research of the survey type and respondents were determined through multi-stage sampling techniques. The sample which was selected through simple random sampling techniques was made up of one thousand, five hundred and eighty one (1581) university undergraduates of between the age of 14 and 24 years old. This consisted of 750 males and 831 females with 265 from each of the six universities in the three selected states in Southwest Nigeria. Research Instrument A self-designed instrument titled â€Å"Social values and Sexual Morality Questionnaire† was used for the study and data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Percentage Scores, Mean,†¦show more content†¦Variables N Mean Std. Dev. rcal rtab Social values 1581 61.87 9.671 Sexual Morality 1581 64.68 20.679 0.260* 0.062 *P 05 ). The null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that University undergraduates’ social values significantly predicted their sexual morality. University undergraduates’ social values accounted for 50.2% (R2 = 0.502) of the variance in sexual morality. The remaining 49.8% unexplained variance in sexual morality could largely be due to other factors outside the regression model. The composite relationship between University undergraduates’ social values and their sexual morality is high, positive and significant at 0.05 level (r = 0.709, P 0.05), modesty (t = 15.903, P0.05) on University undergraduates’ sexual morality was significant at 0.05 level in each case. The regression equation is given as: Y = 26.509 + 2.713 X1 + 2.024X2 – 0.386X3 – 0.724X4 + o.965X5 where: X1 = Integrity, X2 = Modesty, X3 = Chastity, X4 = Assertiveness, X5 = Self-control, Y = Sexual morality. Discussion The findings show a significant relationship between compliance with social values such as modesty, integrity chastity, self- control and sexual morality. The result recorded low compliance of University undergraduates with integrity and modesty. Awoyele, (2007) attributed this to erosion of social values among the youths. Brezina and Piquero, (2007) believed that some of theShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Time, Money, and Morality942 Words   |  4 PagesMoney has mould, transformed and created a society where monetary security has triumphed over the essential concept of time and human morality, this correlating relationship has been highlighted in the paper, Psychological Science: Time, money and morality. Freud reinforces this point as â€Å"â€Å"†¦money questions will be treated by cultured people in the same manner as sexual matters, with the same inconsistency, prudishness and hypocrisy.† (Richard Trachtman 1998, http://www.richardtrachtman.com/pdf/moneytabooRea d MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesacquisition and nature of morality: What we must consider as we move forward in contemplating how to best instill morals Michael Cravey mc44996 6008619005919804 Freshman first semester The University of Texas at Austin In an article titled Conceptual and Informational Features in Moral Decision Making, Cecilia Wainryb and Elliot Turiel discuss how we are presented with the problem of how best to educate morally with the answer potentially lying in teaching methods that take morality attainment processesRead MoreThe Examination Of Crime And Crime1146 Words   |  5 Pagesfigure of crime. This includes hidden crimes not shown in the NCVS that are from the non-reported crimes, homeless victims, and homicide victims (Barkan 2014:44). A final measurement of crime is self-report studies. This is a survey in the form of questionnaires and interviews that asks respondents about what crimes they have committed. These report results are anonymous, which gives people more incentive to tell the truth, thus increasing credibility. On the other hand, major weaknesses of this reportRead MoreTeaching Sex Educational Subject at School Should Be Done or Not3195 Words   |  13 Pagesschools of Malaysia is still debatable. Some parents think sex education in school is essential to Malaysian youths to reduce sexual related social problems. While a greater section of people still believe that it is unnecessary to slot in sex education as a separate subject in schools, as rudiments of sex education in schools are already included in a subject called social and reproductive health studies. Though it has been introduced indirectly to Malaysian Secondary School and Primary School fewRead MoreMoral Development During Adolescence Ess ay8689 Words   |  35 PagesAdolescents’ Moral Decay. Abstract The study explored the determinants of moral development in curbing adolescents’ moral decay. These determinants included identity development, gender, parental (mother) relationship with adolescent, and ethical and moral values. A mixed-model method (both quantitative and qualitative) was used to conduct the study. Participants were sampled through convenience sampling. The sample of a total of 1387 from the pooled data was used for the quantitative part of the researchRead MorePerceptions of Youth Towards Premarital Sex9892 Words   |  40 PagesUNIVERSITY Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Sexual feelings begin long before puberty. As noted by Ellis, Freud, and Kinsey (1996), very young children and even babies, two and three months old, have sexual experiences (both through self-stimulation and through handling, caring, and fondling by parents). Premarital sex is serious moral issue confronting high school students. This isn’t to say that sexual temptations only existed in youth. But these days, being youth, theyRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 Pagesstudents? 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Religion 1.4 Course 2. How do respondents assessed the legalization of Same-Sex Marriage in the Philippines? 2.1 Morality 2.2 Acceptability 2.3 Expectations 3.    What measures can the government undertake on the legalization of same sex marriage? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aims to assess the percipienceRead MoreBanning Blood Donation Process ( Mcadam Parker )1597 Words   |  7 Pagesgay men from donating blood treats gay donors and straight donors contrarily. This biased differentiation between gay and straight donors increases constitutional equal protection anxiety and distress (McAdam Parker, 2014). The new questionnaire under FDA guidelines, require men to report if they have had sex with another man in the last 12 months. The U.S. blood banking system also defers people who have had sex with a prostitute or an intravenous drug user in the past 12 months. HomosexualsRead MoreHiv/Aids Summary of Research Study8804 Words   |  36 PagesHIV-AIDS globally. The DOH National Epidemiology Center (2011) reported that from 1984 to 2011, there were 860 AIDS cases reported, 71% (613) were males. Of the reported AIDS cases, 323 (38%) had already died at the time of case reporting. Sexual contact was the most common mode of HIV transmission, accounting for 93% (799) of all reported AIDS cases. The number of HIV cases continues its upward trend, with the latest figure in January 2011, there were 152 new HIV Ab sero-positive individualsRead MoreEvaluation Of Handgun Safety Among The Clinic s Clients2178 Words   |  9 Pagesscreening is to assess the presence of firearms at homes implementing questionnaires to facilitate the discussion of firearm safety among the clinic’s clients. The program is well considered but does not have the best public health quality. This questionnaire may catch some clients’ attention to firearm safety at first and they perhaps would take some further steps to learn more about this issue by themsel ves. The questionnaire method, however, may obtain an incomplete or even false result. It is

Oman Cement Company Free Essays

Oman Cement Company ( SAOG ) was formed in 1978. Rusayl Cement works was completed in 1983 with an one-year incorporate cement production capacity of 624,000 dozenss, of cement. In 1999 clinkering capacity expanded to a sum of 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Oman Cement Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million dozenss per twelvemonth. The 2nd production line came on watercourse in mid 1998. Presently the company is working on spread outing the capacity of works signifier 1.26 MTS per twelvemonth to 1.70 MTS per twelvemonth by upgrading production line No. 1 and No. 2. The company installations are: 1- Computerized Fabrication Oman cement fabrication procedure is to the full computerized. This avoids major jeopardies in fabrication and needs less work force. 2- Central Laboratory The Quality Control is supported by cardinal research lab consisting of robotics, X-ray spectrometers, optical maser atom size analysers and computerized physical belongingss proving equipment. 3- Quality Management System and Environmental Management System oman cement Quality Management System is in conformity with the Quality Assurance Procedures of ISO 9001: 2000 enfranchisement. 4- Pollution Control. The Oman cement company produces many types of cement which are: 1- Ordinary Portland Cement: It is type I Portland cement. Its utilizations are strengthened concrete edifices, Bridgess and railroad constructions. The typical compound composings of this type are: 55 % ( C3S ) , 19 % ( C2S ) , 10 % ( C3A ) , 7 % ( C4AF ) , 2.8 % MgO, 2.9 % ( SO3 ) , 1.0 % Ignition loss, and 1.0 % free CaO. 2- Sulphate Resistant Cement: It is type V, is used where sulfate opposition is of import. Its typical compound composing is: 38 % ( C3S ) , 43 % ( C2S ) , 4 % ( C3A ) , 9 % ( C4AF ) , 1.9 % MgO, 1.8 % ( SO3 ) , 0.9 % Ignition loss, and 0.8 % free CaO. 3- Moderate sulfate resistant: It is type II cement. This type of cement can be used in constructions of considerable mass, such as big wharfs, heavy abutments, and heavy retaining walls. Its usage will cut down temperature rise particularly when the concrete is capable to hot conditions. Its typical compounds composing is: 51 % ( C3S ) , 24 % ( C2S ) , 6 % ( C3A ) , 11 % ( C4AF ) , 2.9 % MgO, 2.5 % ( SO3 ) , 0.8 % Ignition loss, and 1.0 % free CaO. 4- Oil Well Cement Oil good cement, used for oil Wellss grouting, normally made from Portland cement cinder or from blended hydraulic cements. It is used for cementing work in the boring of oil Wellss where they are capable to high temperatures and force per unit areas. Its typical compound composing is: MgO: 6.0 % SO3: 3.0 % Loss On Ignition: 3.0 % C3S: 48 % -65 % C3A: 3.0 % Insoluble Residue: 0.75 % C4AF+2C3A: 24 % Production methods: There are four phases to bring forth cement that Oman cement utilizing which are: 1- Preparation of the natural stuff at preies 2- Heating and chilling to bring forth cinder 3- Preparation of the cement 4- Cement wadding Procedure description: 1- Preparation stuff at preies The natural stuff contains of limestone ( 80 % of natural stuff ) , silica, aluminate and Fe ore. The preies located around the Oman cement works. At preies the natural stuffs are extracted with heavy equipments. Then the limestones are crushed with nomadic crushers connected with long conveyor belt to transport them to storage go throughing the car lab to analysis the samples with x-ray each two hours. After that the natural stuff are moved to reservoirs. Then they are moved with conveyer belt to the altogether factory to crunch the natural stuffs. Finally the crunching natural stuffs are moved to mixture reservoirs to acquire proper mixture before fed them to kiln. 2- Heating and chilling to bring forth cinder The natural stuffs are moved to impart, where heat exchange is occurred between these stuff and the raising hot gases from kiln, so the stuffs are separated from the gases. After that the stuff moved to calciner where the limestone is converted to calcium oxide, and so the calcined stuffs arefed to the kiln where the temperature about 1400 degree Celsius and so go forth from kiln to acquire cinder. Then the cinder leaves from kiln to air to cut down its temperature to 100 degree Celsiuss to be ready to be moved to cement factory. Kiln procedure 3- Preparation of cement The cinder that came out of the ice chest will be transported by the pail concatenation conveyer to the silo. The bag filter on the top of the silo is sized for the eating by the pail concatenation conveyer and thermic air enlargement in the storage. The cinder extracted from the silo is transported by belt conveyers to the cement proportioning. The gypsum is added to the cinder. Then the proportioned stuffs are conveyed via belt conveyer to cement crunching. Materials land by ball factory are transported centrifuge by pail lift. The harsh atoms separated return to ball factory for regrinding while the all right merchandise is collected by the bag filter behind the centrifuge and so conveyed to cement silo with an air slide and pail lift. Cement silos is used to hive away the cement. Cement factory 4-Cement wadding The cement from extraction systems under the cement silo is delivered to the buffer bin by air slide and the pail lift and vibrating screen, before being fed into each bagger. The bagged cement can be loaded straight or stored in depot temporarily. Machinery and Equipments: No. Name map 1 Limestone Crusher used in rock prey to oppress limestone 2 Clay crusher used in rock prey to oppress clay 3 Limestone Stacker Used to travel limestone to preblending reserve 4 Limestone reclaimer Used to take preblended mixture from preblending reserve 5 Coal and Fe ore Crusher Used to oppress linear stuffs 6 Coal and Fe ore Stacker Used to travel Fe ore to conveyor belt so to proportioning station 7 Coal A ; Fe ore reclaimer Used for repossessing all linear stuffs and coal 8 Raw factory used for natural stuffs crunching and drying 9 Raw factory fan Used to set the factory recess temperature. 10 Preheater fan used to dry the natural stuffs 11 Preheater and precalciner Preheater used for preheating and partial decarbonation, and precalciner for calcination 12 Rotary kiln used to raise natural stuffs to a high temperature 13 Grate ice chest Used for slaking 14 Cement factory Used to crunch cement 15 Bag filter Used to roll up dust 16 Coal factory Used for coal drying 17 Bulk stevedore for truck Used to lade the majority 18 Cement bagger Used to pack cement merchandise Quality control system: The quality control section in the Oman cement company map is to supervise merchandise quality in every phase of production get downing with pull outing the limestone from the prey till the phase of cement Millss, by taking samples and analysis them. 1- The computing machine and x-ray analysis: The mechanization lab consists of automaton, x-ray spectrometers, optical maser atom size analyser and computerized physical belongingss. The samples will be taken by an automatic sampling station from a point between the altogether factory and homogenising silo and so transported manually to the cardinal car lab, where it will be semi-automatically prepared and sent to an X-Ray analyser. The consequences analyzed will be sent to a proportioning computing machine. The computing machine will cipher the ratio of natural stuffs and direct out the set value to constant feeder harmonizing to the chemical composings and natural repast faculty required. 2- Physical analysis: To prove the choiceness, soundness, puting clip, strength, specific gravitation, heat of hydration and loss on ignition of the cement to accomplish the American specifications demand. Care process: The section maps are: -Checking all machinery and equipments are work decently. -Scheduling and be aftering for preventative care, prognostic care. – Coordinating with all sections for day-to-day job. – Planning, organizing of preventative and breakdown activities for accomplishing high works handiness to run into production mark. The process that the Oman cement follows in instance of dislocation, preventative and shutdown care are: 1. Breakdown care In instance of any breakdown care in the production section, they give information sing the dislocation to the care section, and care workers are sent to the production works to repair machine failures. 2. Preventive care here, a squad of care workers is sent straight to the production workss to look into out whether there is any failure in the machinery or non. 3. Shutdown care When the works is shut down the employees in the production section sent a missive to the care section and consecutive stairss are taken by care section to work out the failures. The works closure occurs every 6 month in March and September. The procedure of operating and monitoring production lines and machines immediately, so they can watch the failure and harm of the machines and equipments to mend them or replace them. Technical direction The proficient direction duty is to oversee all the mechanical, electrical things and keep the assorted equipments and everything that related to maintenance process, and this direction divided in many subdivisions: a- The machine subdivision The duty of this subdivision is prepare exigency and planning agenda and make it to all the equipments and describe it to name the unusual failure and hole it. Inspect the machinery, cheque with drawings and specifications and rectification. It contacts with shop subdivision to supply the needed replacing parts and besides contacts with other subdivisions to keep the equipments at the workshop. At the workshop they fix the equipments in exigency conditions, look into the equipments if they work decently and routinely, takes care the equipments and aid to clean them. B ) The machine operation subdivision The duty of this subdivision manufacture the replacing parts, make an order outside the company to acquire new parts, lathe the machine parts the required the workshops. degree Celsius ) The immediate machine care subdivision The duty of this subdivision is to look into and repair the production lines. vitamin D ) The electrical subdivision The electricity section is responsible to mend and guarantee the continuance of the work of all electrical and electronic equipment and preciseness instruments on the production line and besides supervises contact with other subdivisions to that the electricity working decently. How to cite Oman Cement Company, Essay examples

Innovation and Creativity in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Creativity in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Creativity is defined as the capability of conceiving some useful things that are taken into consideration for the betterment of the organization; however, innovation signifies the implementation of something new (Anderson et al. 2014).Stimulating creativity and exploring completely new territories enhances the productivity and profitability of the organization. Somech and Drach-Zahavy (2013) state that contemporary organizations encourage their employees to suggest some productive ideas and to explore new areas for innovative approaches that help in formulating cost-effective business solutions. The primary objective of this approach is to make the employee of the origination feel as they are an important asset for the business and their suggestion will be granted. Moreover, according to Yoshida, et al. (2014), there are three types of innovation- technical innovation, process innovation and administrative innovation. This way, an organization can achieve competitive edge to survive in the market for a longer time. In this essay-report, the nature of the creativity and innovation will be discussed along with the theory and practice for creativity and innovation. Moreover, the report also covers some evidence/examples that results in the better productive result on the better business outcome. In addition to that, the impact of the creativity and innovation will be focused along with the key ingredients of the successful innovation that are- Leadership, Focus, Creativity, Invention, and Entrepreneurship. Lastly, the assignments wraps up with the personal reflection and then a conclusion for the overall discussion. Discussion Nature of creativity and innovation The nature of creativity and innovation are connected and creativity goes hand in hand with innovation. Cerne et al. (2013) depicts that without creativity there will be no innovation. Creativity is beneficial for well-run companiesand provides an assured path to success, which results in maximum profitability and productivity. Creative ideas and innovative approachescan come from employees, external shareholders and even from the target group (Caniels and Rietzschel 2013). Thus, it is important that an open exchange of ideas must have to be supported by the organization. On the contrary, Sarooghi et al. (2015) depicts that if the innovative idea does not fit properly with the objective of the organization, huge loss should have to be incurred by the company as the entire process will get wrong with the unfit idea. As a result, most contemporary managers follow incremental innovation that is to see problems in the current set-up and then try to resolve the adversity by finding an inn ovative alternate method. Yesil and Sozbilir (2013) in addition to the discussion added that most larger organisations rarely uses radical innovationsas they are often risky and difficult to implement. Theories and practice of creativity and innovation Creativity is a process and often considered as a group phenomenon, where an individual implies the domain knowledge and then discusses it with their peers so that an effective idea will be selected at the end of the meeting. Creativity techniques Rational/serious creativity In this context, Runco (2014) demonstrates that lateral thinking, TRIZ and mind-maps are few approaches that encourage the rational creativity among the individuals. Lateral thinking signifies the offering of ideas through random component in reasoning. This method is different from linear thinking and is used to materialize the reasoning attitudes. Moreover, TRIZ techniques intend to initiate technological innovation. According to this approach, a person first looks for the pitfalls regarding the execution of a new technology in the business and then implements it (Dietrich and Haider 2015). Moreover, Litchfield et al. (2014) stated that mind-maps are the technique to summarise the existing knowledge and then gather ideas and information that meets the objective of that organization. Gaming approach It is evident that every person intends to learn more under interesting circumstance and hence, managing authorities of organization takes initiatives for gaming approach for encouraging their creative ideas. Frame games, innovation games, LEGO blocks and game storming are few examples of boosting the creativity in the workplace. Oravec (2015) depicts that frame games emphasize on the interactive activities for training situations or brainstorming. Additionally, fun activities and formulating roadmaps are the basic steps in the innovation games approach. In context of the LEGO blocks, the cubes are used for analysing the estimated real situation after implementation of the idea to generate insights and ideas more easily (Payton 2015). Idea gathering This method comprises of the approaches of brainstorming and brain-writing where a question is generated among the team members in a meeting and members will present many ideas within less times without any sponsorship (Bucherer et al. 2012). On the other hand, Amabile (2012) portrays that participatory innovation is another approach in this techniques the concept of idea boxes and idea intranets was introduced. Irrational creativity In comparison with the rational creativity, this technique emphasizes on the approach of shifting problem from the analogies. Gaut (2012) also portrays that experts believe that if a person distance themselves from the problematic situation, the chances for resolving the circumstance with innovative idea becomes high. Distanciation phase and ideation phase are the major components of this theory that signifies that the distortion and transformation of problem stimulates the imagination, which will help in the better solution regarding a problem. However, in ideation process, Tomyuk and à Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒ Ã‚ º (2014) depicts the perception that one must follow a certain track and try to think innovative ideas until a useful solution will not be suggested. The basic principle behind this theory is to turn ideas into positive solution. Innovative approaches Technical innovation Rice (2013) states that technical innovation involves in the formulation of new goods and services and is occurred through research and development effortsso that the customer satisfaction can be achieved with new, better, faster and/or cheaper products. On the other hand, Camison and Villar-Lopez (2014) defines that systematic application of scientific knowledge for transforming resources into products are the objectives of technological innovation. Process innovation The process innovation signifies the new ways for producing, selling or distributing goods so that the distribution process can be accomplished in lesser time. Davenport (2013) depicts that the process innovation is helpful for small firms as they can take references from the larger firms advanced technology. Hollen et al. (2013) often criticizes that the process innovation has the limitation of investments when new products tend to put forward for further development. Administrative innovation Administrative innovation demotes the creation of a new organizational design that is suggested by the managing authorities of the organization for better creation, production and delivery of products (Reinhold et al. 2015). This includes the leadership quality that is implemented in the workplace for better productivity. Leaders have to encourage their employee intrinsically and reward them according to their innovative ideas so that they keep on thinking and suggesting new ideas that will be beneficial for the organization. Key ingredients to successful innovation Leadership Yoshida, et al. (2014) mentioned that innovation and creativity are interrelated and hence encouraging innovation must have to follow the basics of creativity that are- expertise, creative thinking skills and motivation. The leader plays a crucial role for encouraging their employees to come up with new and innovative ideas and motivates their employee by not criticizing, judging, discouraging and evaluating the negative outcome of the suggested ideas (Slatten and Mehmetoglu 2015). Cerne et al. (2013) also affirms that the contemporary leaders must welcome the absurd, crazy ideas by analysing the outcome with their experience so that some innovative ideas can be formulated. Focus Camison and Villar-Lopez (2014) suggests that, if workplace is a stage for experimenting for better productivity and profitability, the approach for working should be the chief objective, Hence, it is important to focus on achieving the primary goal for the organization that is to increase their sales and results in high prosperity. For instance, OSIM international, which is a Singapore based organization starts their business by manufacturing knifes and other household products but their focus is to comfort the communities with their products and to attain high profits. This organization then stand up with the idea to provide comfort to people who need extra care of their bodies and initiated to manufacture massing products (Ganter and Hecker 2014). Creativity Sacramento et al. (2013) states that there are some primary reason that encourages the working personnel in the workplace by making time for brainstorming or placing suggestion boxes around the workplace. Managers can also train their staff in innovation techniques brainstorming, lateral thinking and mind-mapping. Creativity can be supported by tolerate mistakes, reward creativity and then act on ideas. Entrepreneurship Figure 1: Creativity and innovation in entrepreneurship (Source: Qian 2013) Carland and Carland (2015) depicts that creativity is the ability to develop new ideas in order to provide a new perception towards a problematic situation while innovation is the application of those creative solution so that the life of community can be enhanced. Qian (2013) in addition to that portrays that entrepreneurship is the combination of the both the creativity and innovation and a systematic procedure for applying the two approaches. Impact of creativity and innovation in an organization Experts introduce creativity and innovation for better productivity and financial growth. Guler and Nerkar (2012) illustrates that with effective creativity, workforce can easily generate new ideas compatible with the objective set by the organization. The implementation of creation and innovation also results in an environment that encourages knowledge-based capital and increase their market share by implementing the same. Moreover, Im et al. (2013) depicts that innovation in the workplace also brings transformation in strong and efficient innovative diffusion of knowledge for the betterment of the organization. Moreover, Csikszentmihalyi and Sawyer (2014) stated that creativity exhibited by innovative theories and principle puts the concerned organization in positions of leadership compared to originations in the same field. In order to achieve this success stage, the organization has to spend some revenue on RD departments where an origination can research for new inventions so th at the existing products can be improved along with the formulation of new products. In addition to that, innovation companies also have the advantage of experience for product development. de Araujo Burcharth et al. (2014) describes that this innovative approaches can be obtained by welcoming the trial and error methods and encouraging employees to take risks for designing better products and services. Lastly, Lee et al. (2012) added further that introduction of creativity results in name recognition within their respective industries. These business or companies do not have to spend much on their promotion as their brand themselves enough for their popularity. For instance, apparels like Lululemon, Zara, and the luxury carmakerRolls-Royce do not advertise their products due to their strong word-of-mouth campaigns advertisements and 110-year-old sales recorduntil the year 2015 respectively. Barnett et al. (2014) on the affirmative side also adds that Managers who promote an innovativeenvironment analyses the motivation factor in the working personnel for building st ronger teams, strategic partnerships, organizational restructuring and senior management support. Evidences of creativity and innovation Small companies will have modest open innovation efforts and they have must have to find ways to interact efficiently with in-sighting market, competition and new technology that supports their innovation efforts. One such example is the case of UBER rides, whose CEO Travis Kalanick is known as serial entrepreneur and had presented an innovative idea for making the social life of the individual easy. Kolker et al. (2016) depicts that the incident begins from the difficulty that has arise while facing difficulty in hailing a cab. As a result, the person utilizes the technological innovation for formulating a business and help people hiring a taxi on a single tap of a button. The business not only provides the social people with transport facility but the business also represent a flexible new way to earn money for the drivers (Fisk 2014). Another example is the case of Northern Colorado, where Emil Motycka a 21 years old earned a revenue of $135,000 during senior year of high school and started the business organization named Motycka Enterprises, LLC; however, now the name is Emils Lawn. The concerned person provides everything from building and janitorial maintenance like tree care, lawn care, and Christmas light installation and snow removal services in order to help people with their extra work. Ayala and Manzano (2014) depicts that in this case, the person utilize the innovative idea with a creative objective that is simple yet important. Due to simplicity of these business objectives, it is challenge for Emil Motycka but the business gained a huge success and become a successful entrepreneur at the age of 21. The person at a small age utilizes the simple idea to create a business and expand it for gaining profit in low expenses. The origination provides services to known customers and this business does not need much skills (Fiet et al. 2013). Moreover, another example for a small business to be the most innovative and successful organization is VisionQuest 20/20 that not only considered the innovation for being successful but they also targeted the most unusual group of the society- visually challenged children. The organization is a nonprofit organizationestablished by Dr. James W. O'Neil and engineer Richard S. Tirendi, who are working collaboratively for helping vision problems in children. The major concern of these businesspersons is that there is no advanced equipments beyond the eye-chart stage; however, they have formulated a new software called EyeSpy 20/20 that assesses children's vision while they play a video game. This device is also capable of tests for amblyopia that can lead to permanent blindness if not treated on time. Mind map Image 2: Mind Map for creativity and innovation in organization (Source: Created by Author) Personal reflection I learned from the entire study that innovations are crucial for a successful business. Technological innovation is essential in order to match the technical advantage of the world; administrative innovation is important for leading the employee of the organization so that they can motivate the team members for suggesting new ideas. Moreover, I also learned that process innovation is the outcome of the best administrative innovative approach without which the existing process for accomplishing the business cannot be possible. In addition to that, I also came to know that every business has started their journey from scratch and with the help of creativity and innovation they became successful in recent times. It is also come to my consideration that business that become successful through their innovation has the most satisfied working personnel and customers and they also do not need to promote their brands as their experience in the market and effective word-of-mouth advertisement does everything. Furthermore, from the entire study I also learn about the key ingredients to successful innovation that are leadership quality of the high designated people, focus on the organisational goals, entrepreneurship quality and the ability to implement the creativity for better productivity and profitability. Reference List Amabile, T., 2012. Componential theory of creativity (pp. 3-4). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. Anderson, N., Potocnik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), pp.1297-1333. Ayala, J.C. and Manzano, G., 2014. The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, pp.126-135. Barnett, B.G., Hall, G.E., Berg, J.H. and Camarena, M.M., 2014. A typology of partnerships for promoting innovation. Journal of School Leadership, 9, pp.484-509. Bucherer, E., Eisert, U. and Gassmann, O., 2012. Towards systematic business model innovation: lessons from product innovation management.Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(2), pp.183-198. Camison, C. and Villar-Lopez, A., 2014. Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), pp.2891-2902. Caniels, M.C. and Rietzschel, E.F., 2013. A special issue of creativity and innovation management: Organizing creativity: Creativity and innovation under constraints. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(1), pp.100-102. Carland, J.W. and Carland, J.C., 2015. A model of potential entrepreneurship: Profiles and educational implications. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 8(1), pp.1-14. Cerne, M., Jaklic, M. and Skerlavaj, M., 2013. Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9(1), pp.63-85. Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Sawyer, K., 2014. Shifting the focus from individual to organizational creativity. In The Systems Model of Creativity(pp. 67-71). Springer Netherlands. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. de Araujo Burcharth, A.L., Knudsen, M.P. and Sondergaard, H.A., 2014. Neither invented nor shared here: The impact and management of attitudes for the adoption of open innovation practices. Technovation, 34(3), pp.149-161. Dietrich, A. and Haider, H., 2015. Human creativity, evolutionary algorithms, and predictive representations: The mechanics of thought trials.Psychonomic bulletin review, 22(4), pp.897-915. Fiet, J.O., Norton, W.I. and Clouse, V.G., 2013. Search and discovery by repeatedly successful entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal,31(8), pp.890-913. Fisk, P., 2014. Gamechangers: Creating innovative strategies for business and brands. John Wiley Sons. Ganter, A. and Hecker, A., 2014. Configurational paths to organizational innovation: qualitative comparative analyses of antecedents and contingencies. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), pp.1285-1292. Gaut, B., 2012. Creativity and rationality. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 70(3), pp.259-270. Guler, I. and Nerkar, A., 2012. The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management Journal,33(5), pp.535-549. Hollen, R., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2013. The role of management innovation in enabling technological process innovation: An interà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ organizational perspective. European Management Review, 10(1), pp.35-50. Im, S., Montoya, M.M. and Workman, J.P., 2013. Antecedents and consequences of creativity in product innovation teams. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(1), pp.170-185. Kolker, E., Ozdemir, V. and Kolker, E., 2016. How Healthcare Can Refocus on Its Super-Customers (Patients, n= 1) and Customers (Doctors and Nurses) by Leveraging Lessons from Amazon, Uber, and Watson. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 20(6), pp.329-333. Lee, S.M., Olson, D.L. and Trimi, S., 2012. Co-innovation: convergenomics, collaboration, and co-creation for organizational values. Management Decision, 50(5), pp.817-831. Litchfield, R.C., Ford, C.M. and Gentry, R.J., 2014. Linking individual creativity to organizational innovation. The Journal of Creative Behavior. Oravec, J.A., 2015. Gamification and multigamification in the workplace: Expanding the ludic dimensions of work and challenging the work/play dichotomy. Cyberpsychology, 9(3). Payton, F.C., 2015. Workplace Design: The Millennials Are Not ComingThey're Here. Design Management Review, 26(1), pp.54-63. Qian, H., 2013. Diversity versus tolerance: The social drivers of innovation and entrepreneurship in US cities. Urban Studies, 50(13), pp.2718-2735. Reinhold, K., Tint, P., Tuulik, V. and Saarik, S., 2015. Innovations at workplace: improvement of ergonomics. Engineering Economics, 60(5). Rice, A.K., 2013. Productivity and social organization: The Ahmedabad experiment: Technical innovation, work organization and management. Routledge. Runco, M.A., 2014. Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier. Sacramento, C.A., Fay, D. and West, M.A., 2013. Workplace duties or opportunities? Challenge stressors, regulatory focus, and creativity.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(2), pp.141-157. Sarooghi, H., Libaers, D. and Burkemper, A., 2015. Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), pp.714-731. Slatten, T. and Mehmetoglu, M., 2015. The effects of transformational leadership and perceived creativity on innovation behavior in the hospitality industry. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism, 14(2), pp.195-219. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A., 2013. Translating team creativity to innovation implementation the role of team composition and climate for innovation. Journal of Management, 39(3), pp.684-708. Tomyuk, O.N. and à Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã… ½Ãƒ Ã‚ º, à Ã… ¾.à Ã‚ ., 2014. The Understanding of Creativity and its Criterions in Classical and Non-Classical Philosophy. Yesil, S. and Sozbilir, F., 2013. An empirical investigation into the impact of personality on individual innovation behaviour in the workplace. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, pp.540-551. Yoshida, D.T., Sendjaya, S., Hirst, G. and Cooper, B., 2014. Does servant leadership foster creativity and innovation? A multi-level mediation study of identification and prototypicality. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), pp.1395-1404.

Literature Review Communication Theories

There has been a lot of active research in the area communication. In fact, communication is a multidisciplinary field with scholars from both social and technical sciences concentrating on different aspects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review: Communication Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of this paper is to examine the application of selected communication theories at Ped’s Kafe to appreciate the role that theories play in the conduct of business. This paper will concentrate on theories with a greater significance in social sciences. There are an extremely high number of theories applicable to the study of communication. A casual search for theories relevant to communication brought up in excess of seventy theories from different disciplines. Some of them go back to the early nineteenth century when scholars wanted to determine the factors that drove communication during the peak of the industrial age. Others are very recent, such as the network theory that explores the communication trends in the twenty first century against the backdrop of rapid globalization and unparalleled technological advancement.1 The most relevant theories to this inquiry are the Information Theory developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, the Attribution Theory of Fritz Heider, the Groupthink Theory developed by Irving Janis, the Information Integration Theory, and the Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The Information Theory was the result of applying a technical perspective of communication to social science. Shannon was an engineer with the Bell Telephone Company. Shannon’s primary interest was in the transmission of clear signals free from noise to make it possible for Bell’s Clients to have clearer calls with minimum distortion and interference.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Weaver, a social scientist, thought that the theory that Shannon had used to solve technical problems applied equally as well to social sciences. It was Weaver’s opinion that all communication undergoes distortion and hence Shannon’s theory was valid across the whole disciplines.2 The implication of this theory is that there is need to indentify and reduce â€Å"noise† within any communication process caused by the transducers used in the process. Noise refers to anything that interferes with the quality of the original signal. The Attribution Theory, developed by Fritz Heider concentrated on the way people had a tendency of drawing inferences about a person’s character based on how they communicated. Heider observed that, â€Å"we see a person act and immediately reach conclusions that go beyond mere sensory information†.3 The implication of this theory is that people can develop inaccurate conclusion s by using limited information to make sweeping conclusions. It serves to warn that it is improper and premature to make character judgments based only on limited information. In this sense, the theory keeps people from being prejudicial. It also makes them aware that their views can carry prejudices if they did not have sufficient information to make the decisions they took. Irvin Janis’ Groupthink Theory related to the collective impact of team dynamics on decision-making based on a communication malfunction.4 It related directly to the situation where a group made mistakes, sometimes very serious ones, because the team lacked the capacity to communicate objectively about the issue in question. This theory came about after studying some major disasters in various organizations, which resulted from lack of constructive criticism or the capacity to take the criticism. Groupthink is often the result of high team cohesion encumbered with the unwillingness to raise contentious i ssues, usually in order to maintain team harmony.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review: Communication Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This theory addresses the nature of communication as a factor of operating environments. It has a special place in team based working environments such as Ped’s Kafe. The final theories under the purview of this inquiry are the Information Integration Theory and the Uncertainty Reduction Theory.5 The Information Integration Theory postulates that people tend to develop their opinion of an issue based on the aggregate information they have regarding the issue.6 It is a sort of zero-sum game where a mental weighing of the pros and the cons take place. This theory explains how negotiations, advertisments, and propaganda work. Simply overwhelming the recipient with one side of the debate makes them more apt to view it as the better option. The Uncertainty Reduction Theory explains that there is a drive in every person to reduce their uncertainty by gathering more information about the issues making them anxious. It explains the need for courting before marriage to find out as much as possible about a potential spouse, in order to reduce any uncertainties. The implications of these communication theories to Ped’s Kafe are numerous. These theories confirm some of the best practices at Ped’s Kafe while they also help in identifying some of the potential pitfalls in the current communication systems. In order to apply these theories to the workplace communication, there is need to consider the mediums of communication used, and the parties involved in communication processes. Ped’s Kafe uses the telephone and the internet in its communications to suppliers and customers. Internet based systems include emails, and messages posted on social media platforms. Based on information theory, there is a need to ensure that a ll communication leaving Ped’s Kafe is simple, short, and accurate.7Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the biggest concerns most internet users have is the amount of information that require their attention on any day.8 The best way to communicate with them is to reduce the noise, by cutting back on content to ensure that what they get from Ped’s Kafe is plain to them. It is imperative to ensure politeness at all times because of Attribution theory. Rudeness on the phone or online can result in a poor image of Ped’s Kafe among clients. The implication of the Information Integration theory for Ped’s Kafe is that there is need to always ensure that there is â€Å"good press† online to ensure that as clients interact with messages from Ped’s Kafe, they receive more positive reviews than negative ones. The actual place to ensure positive reviews lies in the provisions of good services.9 However, an active advertising and media strategy calls for ensuring that there is a reasonable amount of information out there about the services offered at Pedà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Kafe.10 It also emphasizes the need for a clear advertising strategy to ensure always that when people are making an evaluation of Ped’s Kafe, they have sufficient positive information about it. By doing this Ped’s Kafe will also ensure that it meets the information requirements for client seeking to reduce their uncertainties, according to the Uncertainty Reduction Theory. In the area of interpersonal communication, there are also many lessons to draw from the application of the theories reviewed. Lessons from the Information Theory include the need to foster person-to-person communication within the employees to reduce the risk of distortion when messages pass through many people.11 This applies in the case of addressing the issues that affect service provision and employee relations. The Attribution Theory demands that staff must be slow from passing character judgments on clients based on limited restaurant floor communication. On the other hand, politenes s must remain a standard because of the risk that some clients may attribute negative values to the employees if they face any less-than-polite treatment from the staff. There is a serious risk of groupthink at the Ped’s Kafe. This is because of the unyielding demand from management that all staff should play as part of a team. There is a very high premium associated with teamwork. Therefore, the staff can easily fall for the trap of failing to give needed critical comments in favor of team harmony. There is need to establish greater space for dissenting voices to ensure the establishment benefits from positive criticism. Ped’s Kafe has not been very aggressive its marketing efforts. It depends a lot on walk-in clients to establish a relationship before it can follow upon the potential relationship. According to the lessons from the Information Integration Theory, there is a real need to develop an aggressive marketing strategy that will ensure there is sufficient info rmation within the potential market for Ped’s Kafe.12 It will make information available for them to make balanced judgments about Ped’s Kafe as opposed to relying on individual reviews. It will also help to reduce their uncertainties regarding the Ped’s Kafe. The observations made based on the theories reviewed demonstrate that theories have an important place in the communication. More importantly, they provide a way of explaining human behavior hence they provide a solid way of making business decisions. Reference List Boucaut, R, â€Å"Understanding Workplace Bullying: A Practical Application of Giddens’ Structuration Theory,† International Education Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 65-73, 2001. Corson, D, RL Heath, J Bryant, Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Context, and Challenges, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Mahwah, NJ, 2000. Flannes, S G Levin, Essential People Skills for Project Managers, Management Concepts, Vi enna, VA: 2005. Froeb, L BT McCann, Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving ApproachCengage Learning, Mason, OH, 2009. Gilson, S, Creating Value Through Corporate Restructuring: Case Studies in Bankruptcies, Buyouts, and Breakups, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 2010. Griffin, E, A First Look at Communication Theory, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, NY, 1997. Holmes, D, Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society, SAGE, London, UK, 2005. Meredeth, JR SJ Mantel, Project Management: A Managerial Approach, 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2011. O’Fallon MJ DG Rutherford, Hotel Management and Operations, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2010. Peppers, D, M Rogers, Managing Customer Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2004. Stellman, JM, Encyclopeadia of Occupational Health and Safety, International Labour Organnization, Geneva, 1998. Footnotes 1 S Flannes G Levin, Essential People Skills for Projec t Managers, Management Concepts, Vienna, VA, 2005, p.23. 2 E Griffin, A First Look at Communication Theory, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, NY, 1997, p. 47 3 Ibid 4 L Froeb BT McCann, Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach Cengage Learning, Mason, OH, 2009, p. 78. 5R Boucaut, â€Å"Understanding Workplace Bullying: A Practical Application of Giddens’ Structuration Theory,† International Education Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 65-73, 2001. 6D Corson, RL Heath, J Bryant, Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Context, and Challenges, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Mahwah, NJ, 2000, p. 45. 7 D Holmes, Communication Theory: Media, Technology, and Society, SAGE, London, UK, 2005, p.67. 8 Meredeth, JR SJ Mantel, Project Management: A Managerial Approach, 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2011, p. 23. 9 MJ O’Fallon DG Rutherford, Hotel Management and Operations, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2010, p. 5 2. 10 D Peppers M Rogers, Managing Customer Relationships: A Strategic Framework, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2004, p. 87. 11 JM Stellman, Encyclopeadia of Occupational Health and Safety, International Labour Organnization, Geneva, 1998. 12 S Gilson, Creating Value Through Corporate Restructuring: Case Studies in Bankruptcies, Buyouts, and Breakups, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 2010, p. 63. This essay on Literature Review: Communication Theories was written and submitted by user Gianni Pollard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition of Dramaturgical Perspective

Definition of Dramaturgical Perspective When William Shakespeare declared All the worlds a stage and all the men and women merely  players, he may have been on to something. The dramaturgical perspective was developed primarily by Erving Goffman, who used a theatrical metaphor of stage, actors, and audience to observe and analyze the intricacies of social interaction. From this perspective, the self is made up of the various parts that people play, and a key goal of social actors is to present their various selves in ways that create and sustain particular impressions to their different audiences. This perspective isnt meant to analyze the cause of behavior just its context.   Impression Management Dramaturgical perspective is sometimes called impression management because part of playing a role for others is to control the impression they have of you. Each persons performance has a specific goal in mind. This is true no matter what stage the person or actor is on at any given time. Each actor prepares for their roles. Stages   The dramaturgical perspective assumes that our personalities are not static but change to suit the situation we are in. Goffman applied the language of the theater to this sociological perspective in order for it to be more easily understood. An important example of this is the concept of front and back stage when it comes to personality. Front stage refers to actions that are observed by others. An actor on a stage is playing a certain role and expected to act in a certain way but backstage the actor becomes someone else. An example of a front stage would be the difference between how one would behave in a business meeting versus how one behaves at home with family. When Goffman refers to backstage means is how people act when they are relaxed or unobserved.   Goffman uses the term off stage or outside to mean situations where the actor is, or assume their actions are, unobserved. A moment alone would be considered outside.   Applying the Perspective The study of social justice movements is a good place to apply the dramaturgical perspective. People generally have somewhat defined roles and there is a central goal. There are clear protagonist and antagonist roles in all social justice movements. Characters further their plot. There is a clear difference between the front and backstage. Many customer service roles share similarities to social justice moments. People are all working within defined roles to complete  a task. The perspective can be applied to how groups like activists and hospitality employees. Criticism of Dramaturgical Perspective   Some have argued that the Dramaturgical perspective should only be applied to institutions rather than individuals. The perspective wasnt tested on individuals and some feel that testing must be done before the perspective  can be applied.   Others feel the perspective lacks merit because it doesnt further sociologies goal of understanding behavior. Its seen as more of a description of interaction than an explanation of it.

Informal Memo Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informal Memo Proposal - Coursework Example The first proposal seeks to address the procedures that businesses can adopt when contemplating transactions with another business. The organizations can adopt proper consultation and procurement procedures to create room for growth and stay afloat in the market. The second proposal aims at finding the current strategies that are used by organizations to prevent credit card fraud and data breaches that happen behind closed doors. The data breaches and card fraud activities are illegal, and they hamper efficient operations that relate to customers and the organizations. The main purpose of proposal #1 is to address the b2b transactions for the interest of the customers and individual organizations. The transactions help business to institute pricing strategies, contracts and product and services as per the prevailing demands in the market. The primary aim of proposal #2 is to provide a platform that can be used to educate institutions on the methods they can take to prevent card fraud. Cards that are lost stolen or counterfeited affect consumers and businesses that offer the credit card services. The consequences come in the form of profits and legal action. Proposal 2 targets credit card companies, individual online business owners and legal entities that fight card fraud. The card fraud activities defraud shoppers, account owners that lose their card information to online thieves. For example, over 70 million Target Company customers lost their card accounts after the 2013 data breach hit the company. The cards were used later for illegal shopping activities. Analysis of business-to-business transactions will use pricing information, valuation strategies and innovations from individual companies. The strategies or procedures adopted by businesses provide an efficient mechanism for dealing with business dilemmas. Highlighting

Modern dance and ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern dance and ballet - Essay Example esis Statement: Modern Jazz dance has very little resemblance with classical ballet; it is an improvisation that fuses modern dance and ballet as such, requiring dancers to be able twist and swing while watching the positioning of their hands. There is major emphasis on the use of bare feet, torso movements and most importantly, incorporation of humor into emotional expression. This dance requires that dancers train daily, and at times, take classic ballet classes in order to help them keep up with the complexity and technicality of the choreography of this dance. It requires that dancers follow ideas related to efficient movement of bodies, attention to detail, and keeping with a small space while making dance moves. The moves mostly used in modern jazz dance include Jazz kicks, Hands, Rolled shoulders, Turned knees and Sideways shuffling. Important features of modern jazz dance are the syncopated rhythm adopted from jazz music; improvisations, isolations and its requirement of high energy levels and low center of

Comic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comic - Essay Example (2004) Hopefully this paper will meet the objective of demonstrating a growing understanding of what the reading, viewing and interpretation of comics and -more specific to our topic- bande dessine, really means, as well as some of the techniques that are involved in both the creation and appreciation of two francophone comics in particular: L'autoroute du Soleil by Baru and L'annee Derniere by Phillip Dupuy. Bande Dessine (BD) or francophone "drawn strips" -a term preferred by BD authors and scholars as opposed to "comic strips", which they sustain would imply limitation of subject-matter to the comical (Wikipedia, 2005)- is also known as the Ninth Art or le neuvime art. Two important, award-winning exponents of the ninth art are Baru (born Herv Barulea, 1947, France) and Phillipe Dupuy (born 1960, France). Baru works by himself, serving as both the writer and artist of his strips and albums (works over 60 pages in length). He began by drawing on his experiences from his teenage years and travels in the 1960's. His debut came in 1982, when he got published in Pilote, but it wasn't until 1995 that his 400+ page album, L'Autoroute du Soleil (The Highway of the Sun), considered his breakthrough work, allowed him to gain exposure to larger audiences (Comiclopedia, 2005). In contrast, almost from the start of his career, Dupuy has worked as part of the duo known as Berberian-Dupuy (often mistaken for a single person bearing a sophisticated, hyphenated surname but actually the simple combination of the surnames of Charles Berberian and Phillipe Dupuy). Dupuy had begun his career working for several different BD magazines over a three-year period, but when he met Berberian there was immediate synergy and from then on it has been a partnership, if not made in heaven, at least made for the delight of BD fans around the world. L'Autoroute du Soleil This lengthy album was a result of the experimental work of the Japanese-cartoon, or manga, publishing house, Kodansha, consisting of commissioning certain authors from the Occidental world to create comics for readers in Japan. It made its debut on the Japanese comics scene as a series of instalments in the weekly magazine entitled Morning, whose target audience was comprised of 20- to 30-year-old males. It is a black and white comic or "graphic novel"1, vibrant and stark at the same time, that is representative of the beginnings of la nouvelle manga, an ongoing project of some comics authors and publishers to mesh the Japanese manga with the French bande dessine.2 This groundbreaking work reunited the two worlds in a big way, while preserving some of the main traits of Baru's work: his inclusion of daily-life events, the protagonism of youthful characters, use of the anecdotal, and anti-racism statements (Serrano, 2003) often disguised in metaphor. The drawings are dynamic and the

Anxiety and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women

Anxiety and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women DISCUSSION Results in the previous chapter had been very informative and will be discussed in context to hypothesis discussed in chapter 4. The present study was carried out to assess the level of anxiety and depression among working and non working women. A sample of 60 women was taken consisting of 30 working and 30 non-working women from Delhi and NCR region. The independent variables used for the study were working and non working women and the dependent variables studied were anxiety and depression. The results obtained in chapter 4 were analyzed and the discussion related to the hypothesis is presented below. In addition to this, the anxiety and depression was compared in the following groups. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women in anxiety and depression. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women on the basis of nuclear and joint family. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women belonging to the age group 25-35 and 36-50. Correlation between anxiety and depression was also calculated and interpreted. Keeping in view the objectives, four hypotheses were formulated and their discussion and interpretation is as follows. Problem 1: There will be significant difference between anxiety levels of working and non working women A comparison was made between the working and non working women on the basis of their anxiety levels. As it can be seen from the analysis of table 4.2(chapter 4), the anxiety levels of working women is higher than the non working women. The mean value for the working women was 25.00 whereas for non working women the value was 20.23. From the same table it was inferred that there was no statistically significant difference in the anxiety levels of working and non working women. Many studies have been done relevant to this research. A research done by Aleem and Danish (2008) on Marital satisfaction and Anxiety among single and dual career women at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi summarized that pressure and hassles of jobs not only affect marital life but also proved to be a major source of anxiety particularly among women and also marital satisfaction among working women hardly get disturbed due to their multiple roles but the thought processes seemed to be disturbed that is manifested in the higher anxiety among women. This study supports the findings which show higher mean values in working women than non working women. Mukhopadhyay et al (1993) researched on Working status and anxiety levels of urban educated women in Calcutta and summarized that non working mothers showed higher anxiety levels than their working counterparts with respect to the total anxiety score as well as components, although the differences were statistically non-significant. This s tudy supports the statistically insignificant difference in the results of the present research. Problem 2: There will be significant differences between the levels of depression in working and non working women. A comparison was made between the working and non working women on the basis of their levels of depression. As it can be seen from the analysis of table 4.2(chapter 4), the depression levels of working women are higher than that of non working women. The mean value of depression levels of working women is 11.13 whereas the mean value of the non working women which is 6.1000 showing difference in the depression levels of the two groups. From the table it is inferred that there is statistically significant difference between the two groups (sig 2 tailed=0.034). Many researchers have worked in this field, one such research done by Weiclaw et al(2008) Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of depression and anxiety disorders in the Danish workforce show high risks of depression related to high emotional demands and working with people. Results of another research done by Netterstom et al (2008) The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression showed moderate evidence for a relation between development of depression and the psychological demands of the job. Yet another research done by Melchior et al (2007) studied depression and anxiety in young, working women and men due to work stress. The results showed that participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder compared to those with low job demands. The study stated that in previously healthy young workers, diagnosable depression and anxiety is precipitated by work stress. Another research relevant to the present research was done by Balaji et al (2014). A Comparative Study on Depression among Working and Non-Working Women in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This study was done to assess the burden of depression its risk factors among adult female working and non working population. The results indicated that working women suffer more from depression than non-working women. The risk factors for depression were identified as economic problems workplace problems, relationship problems and no personal life satisfaction. The above studies support the results in the present research. The reasons for higher levels of depression among working women could be due to the reason that working women have to focus not only on their work sphere but also on their family life. It has also been observed that working women are not clear about their expectations which not only affect their daily routine but also health status of each and every woman especially in the developing nations like India remains precarious. Also since working women are unable to spend time with their family and not able to give time to their children due to their work it leads to depression in them. And working women also do not have enough time to look after themselves leading to a lot of health issues. These reasons are also supported by a research done by Greenhaus Beutell (2000) Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. This study examined the literature on the conflict between work and family roles and found out that work-family conflict exists when: (a) time devoted to the requirements of one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another; (b) strain from participation in one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another; and (c) specific behaviors required by one role make it difficult to fulfill the requirements of another. Whereas non working women have more time to spend with their family, they are able to concentrate on their health, family life and have a lot of time for themselves. These might be some of the reasons why working women rate higher levels of depression than non working women. Problem 3: There will be higher levels of anxiety and depression in females belonging to nuclear families than those staying in joint families. A comparison was done on the basis of anxiety and depression levels among working women of nuclear and joint families. As can be inferred from table 4.4(chapter 4) the anxiety levels of working women from nuclear families is higher than those from joint families. The mean scores of working women from nuclear families is 39.1667 which is higher than working women from joint families which is 15.5556. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups as can be seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.000 It was also inferred from the same table that the depression levels of working women belonging to nuclear families was higher than those working women belonging to joint families. The mean scores of working women from nuclear families is 18.33 which is higher than those of joint families which is 6.33.There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .003 Then another comparison was done on the basis of anxiety and depression levels among non working women of nuclear and joint families. As can be inferred from table 4.5(chapter4) the anxiety levels of non working women from nuclear families was higher than that of non working belonging to joint families. The mean scores of non working women of nuclear families have a mean score of 28.5358 which is higher than the mean score of non working women of joint families which is 13.8824. There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .002. It was also inferred from the same table that the depression levels of non working women belonging to nuclear families was higher the non working women belonging to joint families. The mean scores of non working women of nuclear have a mean score of 8.2308 which is higher than that of non working women of joint families which is 4.4706. There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .047. So from tables 4.4 and 4.5 (chapter 4) it is inferred that women belonging to nuclear families report higher levels of both anxiety and depression than those belonging to joint families be it working women or non working. Many studies have been done on this and one such research was done by Doby Caplan (1995). Organizational Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home. The results of this study showed that high threat stressors were most likely to generate the anxiety experienced at home and for this the anxiety experienced at work was the key mediator. As the above study supports our finding in the present research some of the reasons for this finding could be as in a joint family most of the responsibilities are taken care of by the other family members. There isn’t a lot of burden alone on one woman of the family. The family members of a joint family not only provide physical support but also financial support and are also present mentally and emotionally. So this leads to the overall being of an individual. Whereas in a nuclear family all the work load and responsibility is on one person only be it of work or of the household sphere. Hence it was found that anxiety and depression levels of women belonging to nuclear families are higher than those belonging to joint families. Problem 4: There will be higher levels of anxiety and depression in females in the age group of 36-50 than those in 25-35. A comparison was done among the working women belonging to the age group of 25-35 and 36-50. As can be inferred from the table 4.7(chapter 4) that the working women belonging to age range 25-35 report higher on anxiety levels than that of age group 36-50. The mean score of working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 30.3684 and of working women lying in the age group of 36-50 is 15.7273. There is a statistically significant difference in the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.031 It was also inferred from the same table, that working women of age group 25-35 showed higher levels of depression than the 36-50 age group. The mean score of working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 13.7368 and that of working women lying in the age group of 36-50 is 6.6364. But there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .106 Another comparison was done among the non working women belonging to the age group of 25-35 and 36-50. As can be inferred from the table 4.8(chapter 4) that the non working women belonging to the age range of 25-35 show higher mean values on anxiety scale than the age group 36-50 but there no statistically significant difference between them. The mean score of non working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 22.2308 and of age group of 36-50 is 18.7059. But there is no statistically significant difference in the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.489 It was also inferred from the same table that the non working women of age group 25-35 show higher mean values on depression scale than age group 36-50 but there isn’t any statistically significant difference between them. The mean scores of non working women lying in the age group of 25-35 are 6.8462 and of the age group of 36-50 is 5.5294. But there is no statistically significant difference between the groups as seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .499 So from the tables 4.7 and 4.8 (chapter 4) it is inferred that working women of age group 25-35 show higher levels of anxiety than 36-50 age group and other than this no other significant differences were seen in the levels of depression in these two groups. Also no significant difference was seen in the non working women for the two groups. One study which supports our findings was done by Melchior et al (2007) studied depression and anxiety in young, working women and men due to work stress. The results showed that participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder compared to those with low job demands. The study stated that in previously healthy young workers, diagnosable depression and anxiety is precipitated by work stress. Another studied stating the importance of family support was done by Dew et al (2009) studied mental health effects of job loss in women. This study reviews literature on involuntary job loss and its effects on mental health among women. The occurrence and duration of lay-off was significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms, but not anxiety-related symptoms. Results showed that among women who were laid off, those who had poor levels of support from their husband and those experiencing more financial difficulties reported higher levels of depression. A study done by Fall et al (2013) on Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status does Multivariate analyses showing that factors such as low education, low social support outside of work, having experienced acute stressful events, lack of money for basic needs, experiencing marital strain, having a chronic health problem, country of birth, and smoking were significantly associated with major depressive symptoms The reasons for higher level of anxiety in working women of age group 25-35 could be since they have just stated with their career so they are mostly anxious about their work. They are new to the professional world, burden of work, new set of responsibilities. Also in India this is the time for women to get married so the pressure of marriage, newlyweds and work leads to anxiety among this age group. Problem 5: There will be correlation between depression and anxiety among working and non working women. It was assumed that there would be a relationship between depression and anxiety. From table 4.9(chapter 4) it was seen that there is a positive correlation between depression and anxiety. This could be seen from the above mentioned table that if anxiety levels increase then so does the depression and vice versa. Research supporting our hypothesis was given by. Birch Kamli (2000) Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers. This study got lifestyle questionnaires filled by the officers and measured the self rated psychological stress, state anxiety, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics. It was seen that more of women suffered psychological stress, possible anxiety and possible depression Another study was done by Bhadoria (2013). Level of Anxiety and Depression Among Working Women and Non Working Women of Gwalior. As today’s women have a whole set of responsibilities and problems involving the professional and family life, this study tried to compare the levels of depression and anxiety among working and non working women. The results obtained showed significant levels of difference between working and non working women. The above mentioned researches support our hypothesis that if someone has high levels of anxiety then that person shows high levels of depression as well.

Performing Civic Equality :: Margaret Fuller The Great Lawsuit Feminism Essays

Performing Civic Equality I. Methodological Introduction Margaret Fuller had in mind that the title of her essay "The Great Lawsuit: MAN versus MEN. WOMAN versus WOMEN" (which she would later expand and re-name "Woman in the Nineteenth Century") should prepare the reader to suspend habitual thinking in order to "meet [her] on [her] own ground." To honor Fuller's desire to be met on her own ground (or perhaps, given the turn this paper has taken, her stage), I have worked to reconstruct what her ground/stage might have been, and to understand her ideas/performance in that light. My approach engages feminist performance theory as articulated by Judith Butler and Marjorie Garber, with historical and intertextual context. Butler's examination of the relationship between phenomenology and performance of gender offers a cogent model of the process by which cultural constructs of gender become naturalized without quashing the agency of the historical actors. Garber's examination of transvestitism in narrative as a signal of a society under concep tual stress also works particularly well with Fuller, since her writing activity was very much part of Transcendentalism and the American Renaissance, and responded to historical changes, sectional crisis, slavery, the decline of women's rights, and especially political reform. Viewing Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit" as a act of textual transvestitism became more persuasive as I grappled with her complex and sometimes opaque arguments, and certainly was supported by Edgar Allen Poe's view of her as a gender maverick (he divided humanity into three classes: "men, women and Margaret Fuller" ). I began this essay with the intention of using feminist and new historicist literary theory, but found it impossible to reconcile the egalitarian and androgynous philosophy of "The Great Lawsuit" with the essentialism of feminist literary theory. For example, Elaine Showalter's "gynocritics" assumes sexual difference in the psychodynamics of creativity, the "problem of a female language," and the assumption of a distinct and progressive "female tradition" of writing. While Monique Wittig stands against essentialism, she argues that nineteenth century feminists universally viewed woman as "unique," and that they ignored the historicity of the construction of that view, not to be rescued until women social scientists worked to prove the intellectual equality of the sexes at the end of the century. While these descriptions may apply to the majority of women's literary production, I would argue that Fuller's "The Great Lawsuit"

Employment responiblities and right in health Essay

1.1 Disciplinary procedures Discrimination Minimum wage Hours worked Health and safety Holiday’s entitlements Redundancy and dismissal Training Union right and consultation 1.2Employment rights Equalities and Discrimination Health and safety 1.3There has to be rules and protection for workers, owners of businesses and factories have never given anything to the workers without being forced to, shorter hours, paid holidays, proper safety protection, rising the age a child can be employed. All these above have to be legislated for the owners to obey the laws. It also helps us the employer and the employee. 1.4looks at your contract Handbook, Job description, Policy documents, Terms and conditions Basic rights Discrimination issues Information source Health and safety Work experience Bullying in the Workplace 2.1 My contract shows me the start date of my contract started. What hours I will be doing in the week. How much I get paid an hour and when it will get paid in my bank. What holidays I am entitled to, For the sickness pay and conditions there is no contractual sickness/injury payment scheme in  addition to SSP, if there is a capability/disciplinary issues it explains what how you should look in the handbook and what part of the hand book you need to look at. If you have a grievance it tells you to raise it with your manager either verbally or in writing. It tells you how many week notice you have to give for termination for you and the employee. 2.2 On my pay statement it shows the breakdown of all the hours I have worked thought out the month. It also shows how much national insurance and tax I have paid, what tax period it is. How many days holidays I have taken and have left. It also tells me my pay roll number. It has the gross pay which is how much you have earned before tax and at the bottom off the wage slip it tells you how much you come out with after the tax has been taken off. 2.3 Submit a formal written grievance to the line manager, who will make every effort to hear your grievance within five working days, if we need help putting are point across we can ask a colleague or an accredited trade union official to be present to help explain. If you are not happy with the outcome, tell the person who dealt with the grievance that you would like to take it further. Submit a formal written appeal to the director within five working days of receiving written confirmation you need to include an explanation of why you are unhappy with the original decision. Once a decision is made at the appeal stage is final. 2.4Your name Address/telephone number 2.5The aim of the policy is to ensure no job applicant or employee is discriminated against either directly or indirectly on any unlawful ground. The managing director has overall responsibility for ensuring that this policy is implemented in accordance with the appropriate statutory requirements and full account will be taken of all available guidance and in particular any relevant code of practice. Day to day training is the responsibility of the management who can call on specialised skills and knowledge within the home and from external sources for advice on training matters. Training will be arranged during normal working hours whenever possible but there may be occasions when employees will be required to attend training outside their normal working hours. All employees will be given a copy of the handbook at the beginning of their employment with the home. A copy of the handbook will always be on the premises. The home  recognises your rights either to join or not to join a trade union of your choice. You are required to take reasonable care of your own well being and that off your employees. The relevant health and safety notice are posted around the premises and you are expected to be familiar with their requirements. 3.1 Care assistant play a key role in supporting qualified professionals in hospitals, care homes and other health care environments. Depending on the individual role and setting, a care assistant may assist therapists or specialists by setting up equipment and providing hands on support by working directly with the patients in carrying out routine personal care duties. 3.2 I need to be monitoring the wellbeing of the clients. Making sure that they are eating well, making sure they are not losing any weight as this could be a medical condition and a doctor may need to be called, their personal hygiene as this could mean they are not capable to do this themselves. To ensure their medication is being taken correctly and if they are not to inform the office. Making sure they are safe in their own if there any safety issues the we need to ring the office and let the co-ordinator so they can get hold of the social work to find the best way to sort it out. 3.3 We need to be making sure that the individuals are proved with the right care for example making sure personal care is done, making sure they have taken their medicine and eating correctly support in their intellectual, social and emotional needs. Carrying out treatment or therapy. 3.4 Their roles are to regulate health and adult social care providers to protect and promote the health, safety and welfare of people who use health and social care services. They undertake the role for the general purpose of encouraging three things, the improvement of health and social care services, ensuring services focus on people who use services, and all that resources are used effectively and efficiently. To do them thing they need to register providers a common set of standards. These are the standards providers have a legal responsibility to meet and that people have a right to expect whenever or wherever they receive care. Monitor and inspect providers against regularly, at anytime in response to concerns. Undertaking themed inspections, themed reviews and specialist investigations base on particular aspects of care. 4.1 Home care manager Outreach worker Doctors Nurses Social worker Dental Health care scientists Care co-ordinator Team leaders 4.2 Hospitals Carehomes Careworkers Library Work placement 4.3 Pathway for a team leaders are: Well organised Positive attitude Able to work with plant equipment and complete some office work with computers Problem solving skills Good time management skills Able to provide management support with good communication skills which include motivational skills and decision making abilities 5.1 Winterbourne view was meant to help by assessing and treating patients so that they could have ordinary lives in their own home, but in 2011 some of the staff at winterbourne view got filmed slapping, hurting patients getting them on the floor. They also sat on them and lay on them so that the patients could not move; sometimes they would trap them under chairs to stop them from getting up. The patients were bullied, had water thrown at them. One lady was put in the shower with her clothes on, they swear, pulled hair and poking their eyes. After this was broadcasted on panorama there were 11 of its former care staff were sentenced to court. Some of the 11 got a jail sentence. 5.2 As the public have lots of concern about winterbourne view and other care homes one person said â€Å"the absence of transparency &  accountability is terrifying†. There was a lot of concern on the care sector and thinking there not just isolated instances as one lady said â€Å"there aren’t isolated instances, its cultural and its grown out of what happened in the care sector† but most of the public views on what happened was to see justice and the after care of the residents a gentlemen said â€Å"not only do I want to see justice to be seen but what is the after-care being given to the victims It’s not as simple moving them out, they have been throw hell they will need a lot of care to try and build their trust, heal the abuse and bad memories†. 5.3 The changes that have happened since winterbourne view is that CQC now take whisleblowing calls to ensure each one is tracked and chased until resolved. They now receive 500 calls a month. They also now carry out more unannounced inspections of high risk services, similar to winterbourne view. CQC carried out an extra 150 inspections of similar services and found out that almost half didn’t meet national standards. They focus on personalisation and prevention in social care and that commission should ensure services can deliver a high leave of support and care to people with complex needs or challenging behaviour. Also that services /support should be provided locally where ever possible. 5.4 The changes that have happened since Winterbourne View is that CQC now take whisleblowing calls to ensure that each one is tracked and chased until resolved. They now receive around 500 calls a month. Also they now carry out more unannounced inspections of high risk services similar to Winterbourne view. CQC carry out an extra off similar service and found out that half did not meet the national standard. They also focus on personalisation and prevention in the social care and that commission should ensure service can be deliver a high level of support and care to people with complex needs or challenging behaviour. Also the services/ support should be provided locally where possible.